Metabolic Processes - Anaerobic Respiration
By: Raymond Luong
concept template and powerpoint
ass_2___concept_template_anaerobic_respiration.pdf | |
File Size: | 493 kb |
File Type: |
aerobic_and_anaerobic_respiration.pptx | |
File Size: | 713 kb |
File Type: | pptx |
Overall Expectations
C3. demonstrate
an understanding of the chemical changes and energy conversions that occur in metabolic
processes.
Specific Expectations
C1.2 assess the relevance, to their personal lives and to the community, of an understanding of cell biology and related technologies (e.g., knowledge of metabolic processes is relevant to personal choices about exercise, diet, and the use of pharmacological substances; knowledge of cellular processes aids in our understanding and treatment of mitochondrial diseases [a group of neuromuscular diseases]) [AI, C]
C2.2 conduct a laboratory investigation into the process of cellular respiration to identify the products of the process, interpret the qualitative observations, and display them in an appropriate format [PR, AI, C]
C3.1 explain the chemical changes and energy conversions associated with the processes of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration (e.g., in aerobic cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of heat and ATP; in anaerobic cellular respiration, yeast reacts with glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and ethanol)
C3.4 describe, compare, and illustrate (e.g., using flow charts) the matter and energy transformations that occur during the processes of cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) and photosynthesis, including the roles of oxygen and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
C2.2 conduct a laboratory investigation into the process of cellular respiration to identify the products of the process, interpret the qualitative observations, and display them in an appropriate format [PR, AI, C]
C3.1 explain the chemical changes and energy conversions associated with the processes of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration (e.g., in aerobic cellular respiration, glucose and oxygen react to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of heat and ATP; in anaerobic cellular respiration, yeast reacts with glucose in the absence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and ethanol)
C3.4 describe, compare, and illustrate (e.g., using flow charts) the matter and energy transformations that occur during the processes of cellular respiration (aerobic and anaerobic) and photosynthesis, including the roles of oxygen and organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
Possible points of pre or post class discussion
Metabolic Processes - Big Ideas
1) All metabolic processes involve chemical changes and energy conversions.
2) An understanding of metabolic processes enables people to make informed choices
with respect to a range of personal, societal, and environmental issues.
What are some metabolic processes that occurred today?
How did the metabolic processes benefit and/or harm you?
How can you increase or decrease your metabolic processing?
NOTE: Doing "nothing" and being alive is still doing something. Metabolic processes are still active!
1) All metabolic processes involve chemical changes and energy conversions.
2) An understanding of metabolic processes enables people to make informed choices
with respect to a range of personal, societal, and environmental issues.
What are some metabolic processes that occurred today?
How did the metabolic processes benefit and/or harm you?
How can you increase or decrease your metabolic processing?
NOTE: Doing "nothing" and being alive is still doing something. Metabolic processes are still active!
Learning Goals
Students will...
1) Create a flow chart explaining the process for anaerobic respiration
2) Differentiate between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
3) Identify the metabolic processes in anaerobic respiration
4) Relate to how aerobic and anaerobic respiration occurs in day to day life
1) Create a flow chart explaining the process for anaerobic respiration
2) Differentiate between anaerobic and aerobic respiration
3) Identify the metabolic processes in anaerobic respiration
4) Relate to how aerobic and anaerobic respiration occurs in day to day life
Summary of topic
Aerobic Respiration:
Definition: Aerobic respiration uses oxygen. Cells that use: most cells Production of lactic acid: does not produce lactic acid Amount of energy released: high (36 ATP molecules) Products: Carbon dioxide, water, ATP Reactants: Glucose, oxygen Sites of reactions: Cytoplasm and mitochondria Stages: Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain |
Anaerobic Respiration:
Definition: respiration without oxygen; the process uses a respiratory electron transport chain but does not use oxygen as the electron acceptors. Cells that use: yeast, prokaryotes, muscle cells Production of lactic acid: produces lactic acid (in lactic acid fermentation but not in alcoholic fermentation) Amount of energy released: low (2 ATP molecules) Products: Lactic acid fermentation – lactic acid, ATP, alcoholic fermentation – ethyl alcohol, ATP, carbon dioxide Reactants: Glucose Sites of reactions: Cytoplasm Stages: Glycolysis, fermentation |
anaerobic_respiration_comparison.docx | |
File Size: | 17 kb |
File Type: | docx |
The process of aerobic versus anaerobic respiration
Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. It is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy.
The sugar molecules stored in the food are broken apart through enzyme-mediated reactions and the energy released is absorbed by cells. This process is much more effective in the presence of oxygen through aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP). It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2.
Anaerobic and aerobic respiration share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.
Fermentation in anaerobic respiration
Without oxygen, pyruvate is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the hydrogen carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate.
This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate phosphorylation, which is phosphorylation that does not involve oxygen.
Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration
The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle) is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in aerobic respiration. The citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation after it. Therefore, carbohydrates break into sugar and then into ATP. The overall process of aerobic respiration can be understood by the following reaction.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O ——> 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy
Cellular respiration is the set of the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in organisms' cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products. It is one of the key ways a cell gains useful energy.
The sugar molecules stored in the food are broken apart through enzyme-mediated reactions and the energy released is absorbed by cells. This process is much more effective in the presence of oxygen through aerobic respiration.
Aerobic respiration requires oxygen in order to generate energy (ATP). It is the preferred method of pyruvate breakdown from glycolysis and requires that pyruvate enter the mitochondrion in order to be fully oxidized by the Krebs cycle. The product of this process is energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate), by substrate-level phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2.
Anaerobic and aerobic respiration share the initial pathway of glycolysis but aerobic metabolism continues with the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The post glycolytic reactions take place in the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells.
Fermentation in anaerobic respiration
Without oxygen, pyruvate is not metabolized by cellular respiration but undergoes a process of fermentation. The pyruvate is not transported into the mitochondrion, but remains in the cytoplasm, where it is converted to waste products that may be removed from the cell. This serves the purpose of oxidizing the hydrogen carriers so that they can perform glycolysis again and removing the excess pyruvate.
This waste product varies depending on the organism. In skeletal muscles, the waste product is lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. In yeast, the waste products are ethanol and carbon dioxide. This type of fermentation is known as alcoholic or ethanol fermentation. The ATP generated in this process is made by substrate phosphorylation, which is phosphorylation that does not involve oxygen.
Krebs cycle in aerobic respiration
The Krebs cycle (also known as the citric acid cycle, or the tricarboxylic acid cycle) is a series of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions, which is of central importance in aerobic respiration. The citric acid cycle is part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and water to generate a form of usable energy. Other relevant reactions in the pathway include those in glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation before the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation after it. Therefore, carbohydrates break into sugar and then into ATP. The overall process of aerobic respiration can be understood by the following reaction.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O ——> 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy
Energy efficiency of aerobic versus anaerobic respiration
Aerobic metabolism is more efficient than anaerobic metabolism. Anaerobic respiration is less efficient at using the energy from glucose since 2 ATP are produced during anaerobic respiration per glucose, compared to the 36 ATP per glucose produced by aerobic respiration. This is because the waste products of anaerobic respiration still contain plenty of energy. Ethanol, for example, can be used in gasoline (petrol) solutions. Glycolytic ATP, however, is created more quickly.
For prokaryotes to continue a rapid growth rate when they are shifted from an aerobic environment to an anaerobic environment, they must increase the rate of the glycolytic reactions. Thus, during short bursts of strenuous activity, muscle cells use anaerobic respiration to supplement the ATP production from the slower aerobic respiration, so anaerobic respiration may be used by a cell even before the oxygen levels are depleted, as is the case in sports that do not require athletes to pace themselves, such as sprinting.
The above content was adapted from:
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Aerobic_Respiration_vs_Anaerobic_Respiration
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/glycolysis/section3.rhtml
Why would animals undergo aerobic and anaerobic respiration? what are some problems?
Cellular Respiration is the process where living organisms gathers the energy in food molecules to make energy. Heterotrophs, organisms that must get energy from food indirectly from sunlight or inorganic substances, go through the process of cellular respiration to get the energy needed. This energy comes from food. Heterotrophs, including humans and other animals, undergo Cellular Respiration, where the energy contained in food is released to make ATP, which provides cells with the energy needed to carry out the processes of life. Cellular Respiration takes place in a living body of a heterotroph. In cellular respiration, there are anaerobic and aerobic processes.
An anaerobic process is a process that uses metabolism without air, while an aerobic process is a process that uses metabolism with air. For instance, in closed environments, yeast will undergo anaerobic respiration due to the lack of availability of oxygen. In humans during exercise when energy is in high demand but low levels of oxygen are present, the body will go through anaerobic respiration to generate more ATP. However, we will also produce lactic acid.
When you exercise, sugar is broken down into different chemicals, to produce energy for muscles. As long as you get all the oxygen you need, the final products are carbon dioxide and water, but if you exercise so vigorously that you can't get the oxygen that you need, the reactions stop, causing a chemical called lactic acid to accumulate in your muscles and spill into you bloodstream.
Lactic acid makes the muscles more acidic which causes them to hurt and burn and interferes with their ability to contract, so you feel tired. When lactic acid causes your muscles to hurt, you breathe harder and faster, and slow down to catch up with your oxygen debt. This converts lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water that are blown off as you breathe. Blood levels of lactic acid lower and your muscles stop hurting. A pace that you can hold breathing fast and deeply, but not gasping for breath, is called the lactic acid threshold and is the training level for most competitive athletes.
Glossary
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP): a nucleoside triphosphate used in cells as a coenzyme. ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
Aerobic respiration: form of cellular respiration that uses oxygen and produces large amounts of ATP. Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in two stages, glycolysis and oxidative respiration. Glycolysis is a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions, occurring in the cytoplasm, that essentially breaks one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Oxidative respiration is a series of reactions occurring in the mitochondria that uses oxygen to convert pyruvate into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Anaerobic respiration: form of cellular respiration that does not use oxygen and produces small amounts of ATP. This is accomplished through a series of reactions called fermentation (ethanol and lactic acid). Ethanol fermentation occurs in yeast cells and lactate fermentation occurs in human muscle cells during periods of strenuous exercise.
Cellular respiration: metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
Glucose: simple monosaccharide sugar that is an important carbohydrate that cells use as a primary source of energy
Mitochondria: membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, described as the “cellular power points” because they generate most of the cell’s supply of ATP.
Aerobic respiration: form of cellular respiration that uses oxygen and produces large amounts of ATP. Aerobic cellular respiration occurs in two stages, glycolysis and oxidative respiration. Glycolysis is a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions, occurring in the cytoplasm, that essentially breaks one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate. Oxidative respiration is a series of reactions occurring in the mitochondria that uses oxygen to convert pyruvate into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Anaerobic respiration: form of cellular respiration that does not use oxygen and produces small amounts of ATP. This is accomplished through a series of reactions called fermentation (ethanol and lactic acid). Ethanol fermentation occurs in yeast cells and lactate fermentation occurs in human muscle cells during periods of strenuous exercise.
Cellular respiration: metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
Glucose: simple monosaccharide sugar that is an important carbohydrate that cells use as a primary source of energy
Mitochondria: membrane-enclosed organelle found in most eukaryotic cells, described as the “cellular power points” because they generate most of the cell’s supply of ATP.
anaerobic review videos
anaerobic clothespin muscle fatigue lab
Anaerobic respiration yeast lab
In biology the term anaerobic respiration means a way for a life form to generate usable energy without involvement from oxygen. So in brief it is respiration without oxygen. Respiration is a redox reaction which processes energy in a form which is usable by a life form, mainly a process of generating ATP the universal energy currency of life. Anaerobic respiration however should not be confused with fermentation like say ethanol fermentation. The commercial applications of anaerobic respiration include anaerobic digestion and mechanical biological treatment. These applications are used for waste water treatment.
Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the Fungi and have about 1500 known species. They are dominant fungi in the ocean. Yeast is a micro life form or an organism which similar to your muscles can respire in two forms. We will see some of the features of this in this simple experiment. The indicator Janus Green B will change its colour depending upon the quantity of oxygen available. If the yeast is to be left within a sugar liquid for a few days, a typical smell is produced. This is the result of ethanol getting collected in the mixture. The process in which the yeast turns sugar into ethanol is called fermentation.
Oxygen present: Indicator is oxidised to a blue colour
Oxygen absent: The indicator is reduced to a pink colour.
The apparatus required:
2 test tubes having delivery tubes
2 collection tubes
2corks
Paraffin, bicarbonate indicator solution
Pipette
Janus Green B indicator solution
20 cm glucose solution
Procedure:
1. Put the 20 cubic cm of glucose solution in some of the yeast added in a test tube. Add 2 drops of indicator solution to it. The colour developed will indicate the presence of oxygen in the mixture.
2. Add some quantity of liquid paraffin over the mixture to form a layer exactly over the top surface. This layer will stop additional oxygen from the surrounding to enter the mixture.
3. Immediately after the colour of the mixture indicates that there is no oxygen preset in the mixture, fix up the delivery tube causing a little amount of bicarbonate/indicator in the other test tube.
4. Prepare and install a suitable control. Remember that in this experiment you are trying to learn if the yeast will respire in the absence of oxygen.
5. Leave the apparatus as it is for ten to twenty minutes and then record your observations.
Results/Conclusion:
1. Record the results in the form of a table (prepare a table for this purpose).
2. Describe the control you have used briefly.
3. Complete the following questionnaire.
Questions:
1. What do you conclude from the final colour of-
a. the bicarbonate indicator solution?
b. the Janus Green B indicator solution?
2. What is your conclusion from the two answers to the question above?
3. Why is a layer of liquid paraffin used during the experiment?
The above content was adapted from:
http://www.anaerobicrespiration.net/general/anaerobic-respiration-in-yeast/
Yeasts are eukaryotic micro-organisms classified in the Fungi and have about 1500 known species. They are dominant fungi in the ocean. Yeast is a micro life form or an organism which similar to your muscles can respire in two forms. We will see some of the features of this in this simple experiment. The indicator Janus Green B will change its colour depending upon the quantity of oxygen available. If the yeast is to be left within a sugar liquid for a few days, a typical smell is produced. This is the result of ethanol getting collected in the mixture. The process in which the yeast turns sugar into ethanol is called fermentation.
Oxygen present: Indicator is oxidised to a blue colour
Oxygen absent: The indicator is reduced to a pink colour.
The apparatus required:
2 test tubes having delivery tubes
2 collection tubes
2corks
Paraffin, bicarbonate indicator solution
Pipette
Janus Green B indicator solution
20 cm glucose solution
Procedure:
1. Put the 20 cubic cm of glucose solution in some of the yeast added in a test tube. Add 2 drops of indicator solution to it. The colour developed will indicate the presence of oxygen in the mixture.
2. Add some quantity of liquid paraffin over the mixture to form a layer exactly over the top surface. This layer will stop additional oxygen from the surrounding to enter the mixture.
3. Immediately after the colour of the mixture indicates that there is no oxygen preset in the mixture, fix up the delivery tube causing a little amount of bicarbonate/indicator in the other test tube.
4. Prepare and install a suitable control. Remember that in this experiment you are trying to learn if the yeast will respire in the absence of oxygen.
5. Leave the apparatus as it is for ten to twenty minutes and then record your observations.
Results/Conclusion:
1. Record the results in the form of a table (prepare a table for this purpose).
2. Describe the control you have used briefly.
3. Complete the following questionnaire.
Questions:
1. What do you conclude from the final colour of-
a. the bicarbonate indicator solution?
b. the Janus Green B indicator solution?
2. What is your conclusion from the two answers to the question above?
3. Why is a layer of liquid paraffin used during the experiment?
The above content was adapted from:
http://www.anaerobicrespiration.net/general/anaerobic-respiration-in-yeast/
Evaluation (quiz)
anaerobic_respiration_quiz.docx | |
File Size: | 19 kb |
File Type: | docx |
anaerobic_respiration_quiz_answers.docx | |
File Size: | 21 kb |
File Type: | docx |
The evaluation content was adapted from:
http://www.quizmoz.com/quizzes/Science-Quizzes/a/Anaerobic-Respiration-Quiz.asp
http://www.quizmoz.com/quizzes/Science-Quizzes/a/Anaerobic-Respiration-Quiz.asp
Sources
http://www.diffen.com/difference/Aerobic_Respiration_vs_Anaerobic_Respiration
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/glycolysis/section3.rhtml
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration/v/introduction-to-cellular-respiration
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration/v/glycolysis
http://www.macroevolution.net/aerobic-and-anaerobic-respiration.html#.USu2taNZiSo
http://www.quizmoz.com/quizzes/Science-Quizzes/a/Anaerobic-Respiration-Quiz.asp
http://www.anaerobicrespiration.net/general/anaerobic-respiration-in-yeast/
http://www.drmirkin.com/fitness/9258.html
http://www.sparknotes.com/biology/cellrespiration/glycolysis/section3.rhtml
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration/v/introduction-to-cellular-respiration
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-respiration/v/glycolysis
http://www.macroevolution.net/aerobic-and-anaerobic-respiration.html#.USu2taNZiSo
http://www.quizmoz.com/quizzes/Science-Quizzes/a/Anaerobic-Respiration-Quiz.asp
http://www.anaerobicrespiration.net/general/anaerobic-respiration-in-yeast/
http://www.drmirkin.com/fitness/9258.html